Public transport in Istanbul comprises a bus network, various rail systems, funiculars, and maritimeservices to serve the more than 13 million inhabitants of the city spread over an area of 5712 km².
Metro
Main article: Istanbul Metro
The construction of the underground railway in Istanbul began in 1992. The first line (M2) between Taksim and 4th Levent went into service on September 16, 2000. This line is 8.5 km long and has 6 stations, which all look similar but are in different colors.
A northern extension from 4th Levent to Atatürk Oto Sanayi station in Maslak (Ayazağa) entered service in 2009, as well as a southern extension from[4] Taksim to Şişhane station in Beyoğlu, near the northern entrance of Tünel. Last northern extension for short term, Hacı Osman was opened in 2011. The rest of the southern section of the metro, which will run to Yenikapı, across theGolden Horn on a bridge and underground through the old city, is also under construction. The southern extension of M2 from Şişhane to Yenikapı over the new Golden Horn Bridge is opened in 2013; then connected with Airport (M1A) and Airport (M1B) lines in 2014.
On the Asian side, 26.5 km (16.5 mi) long M4 line opened on 17 August 2012 up to Kartal. The line will have a total of 19 stations when the second section as far as Kaynarca opens. A connection to Sabiha Gökçen Airport is proposed.
Construction has also begun on the M5 which will link Üskudar, Ümraniye and Çekmeköy on the Asian side.
Currently there are 124 Hyundai-Rotem (M2) and 120 CAF[5] (M4) trains in service. A trip along the entire line takes 27 (M2) and 32 (M4) minutes.
All lines are operated by Ulaşım A.Ş. (Transport Inc.) which belongs to the Municipality of Istanbul.[6]
Light rail Rapid Transit (Light metro)
Main article: Istanbul LRT
The Istanbul LRT is a light rail transit system which consists of 2 lines and is operated by Ulaşım A.Ş.. The first line (M1) began service on September 3, 1989 between Aksaray and Kartaltepe. The line was further developed step-by-step and reached Atatürk Airport on December 20, 2002. The line has 18 stations and length is 19,6 km. As of 2012, dailyridership is 416 journey and 210.000 passengers.[7] The other line (T4) was opened in 2007 between Edirnekapı and Mescid-i Selam. There are 22 stations and length is 15,3 km . Since March 2009, the line works between Topkapı and Hapibler[8] Service is operated with LRT vehicles built by ABB in 1989. As of 2012, dailyridership is 380 journey and 100.000 passenger.[8]
Funiculars
Istanbul is served by two underground funicular railways, of very different ages and styles.
The older of these lines is the Tünel. This line is the oldest underground metro line in continental Europe, and the second in the world after London. The Tünel is 573 m long with an altitude difference of 60 m and no intermediate stations between Karaköy and Tünel Square. It has been continuously in service since 1875. It was originally steam-powered with two wooden trains serving parallel tracks. It was modernized in 1971. Today the line is single-track with a passing loop, electrically powered and runs on rubber tires with rebuilt ex-RATP MP 55 vehicles. A trip takes approximately 1.5 minutes. About 15,000 people use the line each day. Unlike the modern one below which runs at strictly five minute intervals, this one has a less regular schedule.
Opened in June 2006, a second modern funicular line, the Kabataş-Taksim Funicular, is operated by Ulaşım A.Ş.[9] and connects theSeabus port and tram stop of Kabataş with the metro station at Taksim Square. It is about 600 meters long and climbs approximately 60 meters in 110 seconds.
Trams
Main article: Trams in Istanbul
Istanbul inaugurated horse trams in 1872 and these served the people of Istanbul until 1912. Following this date, electric trams were put in place and they were the main means for urban public transport until 1966. Many routes were built step by step, and it reached their most widespread network in 1956 with 108 million passengers in 270 shuttles in 56 lines. Tramcars were not modernized for many decades, and some of the 1911 electric cars were still running in the 1960s. At that time modern buses provided faster and smoother journeys. Because of those negative issues, tram system closed in mid-1960s.
From starting '70, all this problems started and by the mid-1980s, Istanbulians realized that non-controlling of motor vehicles & closure of tram was a great mistake. Many cities around the world like Tunis, Buenos Aires etc. also understood that error, and like them, Istanbul also planned for return of tram.
As an experiment, Istanbul first opened a heritage tram at European side in 1990. Due to increasing popularity, they opened a modern tramin 1992, also at European side. Now, the Asian side has a heritage tram system, whereas the European side has both heritage tram and modern tram system.
The modern tram line is initially operated with 55 low-floor Bombardier Flexity Swift and 32 Alstom Citadis.[10]
Suburban trains
See also: Turkish State Railways
The mainline railway between the main railway station of the European part, Sirkeci, and Halkalı, supported a suburban train service with 18 stations along its 30 km length. A single trip took 48 minutes. However, most of the line was closed for rehabilitation works on 1 March 2013; the trains now run between Sirkeci and Yedikule, with a trip duration of 16 minutes over 6 stations.[11]
Another suburban line ran on the Anatolian part from the main railway station Haydarpaşa to Gebze. From 29 April 2012 to 19 June 2013, the last stop was Pendik due to rehabilitation works.[12] From 19 June 2013, the whole line will be closed for 24 months due to rehabilitation works.[13] The 44 km long line has 28 stations and the trip takes 65 minutes.
Frequency between journeys are 10 minutes in peak hours and last journey is 23.40 in Asian side[14] and 23.30 in European side.[15]
Bus rapid transit (BRT)[edit]
Main article: Metrobus (Istanbul)
The bus rapid transit (BRT) system in Istanbul is called Metrobüs. The construction of the Metrobüs BRT line began in 2005. The first line runs between Avcılar and Söğütlüçeşme. This line is 41.5 km long and has 35 stations, which are located on Istanbul's Main Highway, called the D 100. It is currently operated with Mercedes Capacity, Mercedes Citaro, and some Phileas buses.[16] Daily ridership is 715.000 passenger.[17]
An extension to Beylikdüzü opened in 2012.[18]
Bus system
The bus fleet has 4012[19][20] vehicles (total) built by MAN, Ikarus, Mercedes-Benz, BMC,[21] Phileas, Otokar,[20]Temsa[20] and Güleryüz.[20] Total number of daily ridership is 3 621 908[17] passengers and this number consisting %30 of city's total transportation per day in 2012.[22]
Since 1985, private owned buses called ÖHO (Özel Halk Otobüsü - Private Public Bus) are allowed to operate under the audit of İETT. There are 2.157 private owned public buses, including 144 double-deckers.[23]
In 2010, the municipality decided to found a new company called Otobüs A.Ş. (Bus Inc.) for replace old vehicles faster.[24] The fleet of Otobüs A.Ş. consisting 544 vehicles as of December 2012.[20] The vehicles has completely low floor and certified with Euro 5 standards.
Seabus
On April 16, 1987 the Municipality of Istanbul established a company to provide fast sea transport with catamaran-type seabuses. With the first ten vessels purchased fromNorway, modernization of sea transportation was achieved. Today, the company İDO serves 29 terminals with a fleet of 28 catamarans, including six fast car ferries.
Ferryboats
Main article: Ferries in Istanbul
Ferryboats sail on 15 lines serving 27 seaports on the shores of Bosphorus and Sea of Marmara. The 20 older ferryboats carry 61 million passengers yearly.[citation needed] In the 1980s 150 million people were transported.[citation needed]
Today, there is 3 types of ferry in İstanbul; Sea Busses (İDO), Vapur's[25] (traditional name for commuter ferries) and private motorboats.
The first steam ferries appeared on the Bosphorus in 1837 and were operated by private sector companies. On January 1, 1851, theŞirket-i Hayriye (literally The Goodwill Company, as the Istanbul Ferry Company was originally called) was established by theOttoman state. The Şirket-i Hayriye continued to operate the city's landmark commuter ferries until the early years of the Republicanperiod; when they went under the direction of Türkiye Denizcilik İşletmeleri (Turkish State Maritime Lines). Since March 2006, Istanbul's traditional commuter ferries have been operated by municipality.
The current design of the Istanbul ferries, as we know them today, was largely created by the Fairfield Shipbuilders of Glasgow, Scotland, which also built the largest amount of Istanbul ferries since 1851. The companies which designed and built the traditional commuter ferries of Istanbul include the White Shipbuilders of East Cowes, England (models of 1854-1860); the M. Wigram Shipbuilders of London, England (models of 1863-1869); Maudslay & Sons of London, England (models of 1870-1872); R. & H. Green Shipbuilders of London, England (models of 1872-1890 and 1894–1896); J. W. Thames of London, England (models of 1890-1893); Napier, Shanks & Bell of Glasgow, Scotland (models of 1893-1894); Fairfield Shipbuilders of Glasgow, Scotland (models of 1903-1906, 1910–1911, 1914–1929, and 1938–1962); Armstrong Shipbuilders in Newcastle and Glasgow, United Kingdom (models of 1905-1907); Atl. & Chantier de France in Dunkerque, France (models of 1907-1911); Hawthorn Leslie and Company in Newcastle, England (models of 1911); Kinderdijk L. Smith & Zoon Ltd, Holland (models of 1951); Cantieri Navali di Taranto SPA, Taranto, Italy (models of 1952); and Hasköy, Camialtı, and İstinye Shipyards in Istanbul(models of 1929-1938 and 1962–1989).
Aerial lift
There is a short gondola lift line above the Democracy Park in the valley between Taksim and Maçka, the Maçka Gondola (Turkish:Maçka-Taşkışla Teleferiği), built in 1993. It connects the hotels Hilton Istanbul Bosphorus on one side with Parksa Hilton and Swissotel The Bosphorus on the other side. The cable line is 333 m (1,093 ft) long and transports in two cabins with six seats each around 1,000 passengers daily. The trip takes three minutes.
A second aerial lift line, the Eyüp Gondola (Turkish: Eyüp-Piyerloti Teleferiği) was opened in 2005 between the historical district ofEyüp and the Pierre Loti Hill. The gondola lift, built by the Italian Leitner Ropeways Co. of Leitner Group was the most expensive cable car line in Turkey costing 5 million Euros.
Smart Ticket[edit]
Main article: Istanbulkart
Istanbul has an integrated electronic ticket system for bus, funiculars, LRT, metro, commuter trains, ferryboats and trams. The system uses smart RFID cards, called Istanbulkart, as tickets. The old Akbil iButtons are now being phased out as of 2015.
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